Lesson 4: Trekking to Timbuktu: Mansa Musa Takes a Trip (Student Version)

NCSS.D2.His.1.6-8. Analyze connections among events and developments in broader historical contexts.

NCSS.D2.His.2.6-8. Classify series of historical events and developments as examples of change and/or continuity.

NCSS.D2.His.3.6-8. Use questions generated about individuals and groups to analyze why they, and the developments they shaped, are seen as historically significant.

NCSS.D2.His.4.6-8. Analyze multiple factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.

NCSS.D2.His.5.6-8. Explain how and why perspectives of people have changed over time.

NCSS.D2.His.14.6-8. Explain multiple causes and effects of events and developments in the past.

NCSS.D2.His.15.6-8. Evaluate the relative influence of various causes of events and developments in the past. 

NCSS.D2.His.16.6-8. Organize applicable evidence into a coherent argument about the past.

Before you set out for Mecca, you should check out the background information on Mali's ruler by visiting: Mansa Musa.

Activity 1. The Pilgrimage

The camels are all hitched up, the wagons are loaded, and the royal entourage is ready to set out for Mecca. Hop aboard one of the camels. This should be quite an adventure!

• Access Musa and the Mali Empire. Read about the pilgrimage to Mecca.

Think of how difficult it must have been to organize and direct such a huge caravan!

• Where did the emperor get all that gold? How might the people of the Middle East have viewed the West African states before Mansa Musa's visit? How did he almost ruin the good impression he had made, and what does this say about his political savvy? How did this visit influence the way Europeans, Asians, and North Africans thought about the land of the Niger?
• The route of his pilgrimage can be viewed at A Center for Trade available through African Studies WWW. The pick axes on the map indicate salt mines, while the gold bars mark gold mines. Why might Mansa Musa have taken a slightly more southern route home?

This is when Mali became known as “the Land of Gold.” In fact, it has been estimated that it would soon supply two thirds of the gold used for European coins and artifacts.

Mansa Musa's pilgrimage was immortalized in a map of Africa contained in the Catalan World Atlas of 1375.

Photo op!

• Access The Catalan map. Guinea (Mansa Musa is referred to as the Lord of the Negroes of Guinea) was actually the coastal region of West Africa where many of the gold mines were located. At that time, it was also a part of Mali. In what ways is Mansa Musa presented as a European might have envisioned him? (For example, did he wear a European type of crown and sit upon a throne?)

Activity 2. Mosques, West African Style

While Mansa Musa's pilgrimage opened the eyes of Europeans and Middle Easterners to the wealth of Mali, it also convinced the ruler that he should make the cities of his realm a showplace of the Islamic world. His encounter in Mecca with Muslim architect al-Sahili would help him to do this. According to legend, Mansa Musa bribed the architect with about 200 kilograms of gold to return with him to Mali. He later commissioned him to build mosques in the port cities of Gao and Timbuktu, as well as a royal palace.

Everyone has returned from the pilgrimage. It's nice not to have to spend another day on the back of a camel! Al-Sahili, the Muslim architect, has gone to work. He's got some great ideas. The local architecture will never be the same!

• Access Mansa Musa. Scroll to the 8th paragraph beginning “He commissioned.” Why was the mosque made of clay? Why did the walls have to be replastered annually? You're standing beside the mosque.

Take a penknife and make a hole in the plaster on the wall. It's easy, isn't it? Imagine what a couple of weeks of torrential rain can do!

• Now go to Timbuktu: The Mythical Site and read the paragraphs about the Djingareyber and Sankore mosques. What connection does Sankore have with the Kaaba?

A very practical feature of the new style of mosques was the arrangement of wooden posts (known as toron or “horns”) that protruded from the outer walls. They were used to hold scaffolding when the walls were replastered each year.

Photo op!

• For a close look at the wooden posts used for scaffolding, go to Mali. Click on view slideshows. Navigate to the 4th slide.

Photo op!

• The posts are also very evident in the photo Timbuktu's Sankore Mosque and Grand Mosque of Timbuktu, Exterior

The Friday Mosque at Djenne, just up the river from Timbuktu, was built slightly earlier than Djingareyber, but it has been reconstructed since then. The present-day mosque is an excellent example of West African Islamic architecture.

Photo op!

• Go to Djenne, Mali. Scroll down to the third paragraph and continue to the end of the page. Notice the “horns” on the building. What is a secondary function of these supports? More photo ops! Now go to Great Mosque of Djenne. You can view additional photos of this structure by accessing Mosque in Djenne.

Location Scouting Summary: Mansa Musa's Mali

Using the information you've gathered on the pilgrimage and "back home" in Mali, write a feature article for the website of Globe Trekkers entitled: “Mansa Musa puts Mali on the Map.”

View the following photos of mosques built in Europe and Asia in earlier centuries: the Umayyad Great Mosque, Damascus, The Mosque of Gauhar Shad, Mashad, and The Sultan Ahmet Mosque, Istanbul available through Labyrinth. Then write a brief essay comparing the design and construction of these mosques with those built in West Africa.

Selected EDSITEment Websites

African Studies WWW

• Clickable Map of Africa
• Sankore Mosque
• The Road to Timbuktu

Internet Public Library

• Musa and the Mali Empire
• Timbuktu: Legendary City of Africa;

Labyrinth

• Enluminures

National Geographic Xpeditions

• Djenne, Mali
• Empires of the Western Sudan
• Ghana Empire
• Golden Age
• Mansa Musa
• Mansa Musu and Songhai Empire
• Songhay
• The Catalan map
• Timbuktu: City of Legends