Not Only Paul Revere: Other Riders of the American Revolution

NCSS.D2.His.1.6-8. Analyze connections among events and developments in broader historical contexts.

NCSS.D2.His.2.6-8. Classify series of historical events and developments as examples of change and/or continuity.

NCSS.D2.His.3.6-8. Use questions generated about individuals and groups to analyze why they, and the developments they shaped, are seen as historically significant.

NCSS.D2.His.4.6-8. Analyze multiple factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.

NCSS.D2.His.5.6-8. Explain how and why perspectives of people have changed over time.

NCSS.D2.His.6.6-8. Analyze how people’s perspectives influenced what information is available in the historical sources they created.

NCSS.D2.His.14.6-8. Explain multiple causes and effects of events and developments in the past.

NCSS.D2.His.16.6-8. Organize applicable evidence into a coherent argument about the past.

• Review the lesson plan. Locate and bookmark suggested materials and other useful websites. Download and print out selected documents and duplicate copies as necessary for student viewing.
• To establish an anticipatory set for this lesson, your students will read "The Ride of Tench Tilghman," a poem by Clinton Scollard describing one of the lesser known Revolutionary War rides. Here is an account of that ride from an online essay, Tench Tilghman, by John T. Marck.
• … he continued as Washington's assistant and confidential secretary serving with great distinction throughout the war. Additionally, it was Tench Tilghman who brought the news of the surrender of General Cornwallis and the British on October 19, 1781 following their defeat at Yorktown, to Congress. Tilghman, in his journey to notify Congress in Philadelphia, first stopped in Annapolis, Maryland and informed Maryland Governor Thomas Sim Lee of the surrender. However, Governor Lee had already been informed of the news, and as a result, sent the State House messenger, Jonathan Parker to Philadelphia with the news. But, since those in Philadelphia were used to hearing information in the past that turned out to be rumors, and afraid to celebrate too soon, they waited anxiously for the official word—those dispatches that Tilghman carried. From Annapolis, Tilghman boarded a ferry at Rock Hall, Maryland, and after stopping to rest and see his family, continued on his journey to Philadelphia, arriving on October 24, 1781. He first delivered the news to the President of Congress, Thomas McKean, and then later that afternoon, attired in his full uniform and dress sword, Tench delivered the news to the members of Congress, as well as answered the numerous questions about the Battle of Yorktown. In appreciation for his faithful service, Congress awarded Tilghman a horse and another dress sword. That evening, a celebration by torchlight was held in Philadelphia in honor of Colonel Tilghman and the victory at Yorktown.
• The poem follows the historical account and hints that Washington himself chose Tilghman for the honor. (Tilghman was Washington's assistant; and who else but Washington would refer to Cornwallis as "my Cornwallis"?) Though no heroism is attributed to the ride itself, the poem implies that Tilghman was a worthy choice to spread the rather shocking but glorious news of the defeat of the British. Scollard could see clearly in hindsight that the courage of the Patriots and French had indeed turned the world upside down.

Activity 1. Read "The Ride of Tench Tilghman" Poem

Read aloud to the group Clinton Scollard's poem "The Ride of Tench Tilghman" available on the EDSITEment resource American Verse Project (from the main page, do a search for “Tench Tilghman”; find Scollard’s poem in the results). Ask students what stands out for them and what they recall about the poem after one hearing. Then, pass out copies of the text and assign different sections of the poem to volunteers to read aloud as the entire class follows along.

As a class, discuss:

• The story being told.
• The historical importance Scollard attributes to the event Tilghman's ride was announcing.
• The various locations mentioned (Williamsburg and Philadelphia for example) and their significance for the colonies.
• The humor in the poem (the watch at Philadelphia calling the rider a "tipsy clown"; Thomas McKean, the president of the Continental Congress, in his bedclothes).
• Student opinions about Tilghman's achievement. Do they consider his feat superior to, inferior to, or about the same as Paul Revere's?

Activity 2. Choose Another Revolutionary Rider

View the Liberty's Kids' episode on the rides of Paul Revere and William Dawes before moving into Activity Two.

Divide the class into three (or six, if appropriate) groups, assigning each of the following patriots to one (or two) group(s): Jack Jouett, Sybil Ludington (also spelled Luddington) and Tench Tilghman. It is the responsibility of each group to take a stand as to whether or not its members believe their rider should be remembered as well as we remember Paul Revere. The group's argument can also take into account other accomplishments of their subject other than the ride. If desired, students can use the PDF handout "Another Revolutionary Rider" to help them as they read accounts of the ride. Students can use these or other resources:

• Jack Jouett
  • Jack Jouett 
• Sybil Ludington
  • Sybil's Daring Ride (from the 6th grade TAAS test in reading)
  • Sybil Ludington
• Tench Tilghman
  • A Brisk Little Fight by Tench Tilghman (1776) NOTE: Like Paul Revere, Tilghman accomplished more for the American Revolution than his ride. This is his own account of soldiering for the Patriots.
  • Tench Tilghman, by John T. Marck
  • Yorktown Biographies

Lead the class in arriving at conclusions from the information presented. In what ways did these other rides resemble and differ from Paul Revere's ride? Why have they been overlooked?

Activity 3. Paul Revere transformed into a national folk hero

After the presentations are complete, tell the students that, according to the website of the Paul Revere House, "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem 'Paul Revere's Ride,' written in 1860 and published in 1861 in the Atlantic Monthly, transformed Paul Revere from a relatively obscure, although locally known, figure in American history into a national folk hero." Perhaps all these other riders need is a writer to lift them out of obscurity.

Activity 4. Discuss why Paul Revere's ride is the best remembered

Challenge students to write a poem or short story based on one of the "other" rides. They should feel free to model their piece after Longfellow's; for example, they could open with something akin to, "Listen my children and we will review it, / the back country ride of Virginia's Jack Jouett." If you wish, you can stage a reading in which each student presents his or her poem or story to the class, along with key biographical details about the chosen subject.

Discuss why the students believe Revere's ride is the best remembered of the four in this lesson.

• Introduce students to additional poems by Longfellow, some of which have historical themes. Appropriate examples may be found:
  • Using the search function on the EDSITEment resource American Verse Project. Search for "Longfellow."
  • At the EDSITEment-reviewed website The Academy of American Poets-specifically, The Children's Hour.
  • At the website Favorite Poems Project, a link from The Academy of American Poets-in particular, A Psalm of Life.
• Other poets have written about Revere's ride and the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Have students read a few of these poems. How did the poets treat the subjects? How accurate were their accounts? The EDSITEment resource American Verse Project features the following:
  • From "The Poems of Sidney Lanier," a collection published in 1885, Psalm of the West (page 128), starting with the lines:
  • O'er Cambridge set the yeomen's mark: Climb, patriot, through the April dark.
  • From the 1903 collection "Ballads of Valor and Victory Being Stories in Song from the Annals of America" by Clinton Scollard and Wallace Rice Scollard, The Minute Men of Northboro'.

Selected EDSITEment Websites

• Academy of American Poets
  • The Children's Hour
  • Favorite Poems Project
  • A Psalm of Life
• American Memory
  • Printed Ephemera Collection
  • A circumstantial account of an attack that happened on the 19th of April 1775, on his Majesty's troops
  • A Bloody Butchery, by the British troops
• American Studies at the University of Virginia
  • Archiving Early America
    • Paul Revere: Messenger of the Revolution
• American Verse Project
  • The Minute Men of Northboro'
  • Psalm of the West
  • The Ride of Tench Tilghman
• The Internet Public Library
  • About.Com: Women's History
  • Sybil Ludington: Female Paul Revere
  • American Revolution
  • Jack Jouett
  • Revere Speaks
  • History Channel
  • Paul Revere House
  • The Midnight Ride
  • The State of Texas's Home Page
  • A Brisk Little Fight By Tench Tilghman (1776)
  • Women in American History
  • Sybil Ludington
• Learner.org
  • Biography of America: Timeline
• National Park Service: Links to the Past
  • Yorktown Biographies